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The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was the direct military confrontation between India and Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Indian, Bangladeshi and international sources consider the beginning of the war to have been Operation Chengiz Khan, when Pakistan launched pre-emptive air strikes on 11 Indian airbases on 3 December 1971, leading to India's entry into the war of independence in East Pakistan on the side of Bangladeshi nationalist forces, and the commencement of hostilities with West Pakistan.〔 Lasting just 13 days, it is considered to be one of the shortest wars in history. During the course of the war, Indian and Pakistani forces clashed on the eastern and western fronts. The war effectively came to an end after the Eastern Command of the Pakistani Armed Forces signed the Instrument of Surrender,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=1971 War: 'I will give you 30 minutes' )〕 on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka, marking the liberation of the new nation of Bangladesh. East Pakistan had officially seceded from Pakistan on 26 March 1971. Between 90,000 and 93,000 members of the Pakistan Armed Forces including paramilitary personnel were taken as Prisoners of War by the Indian Army.〔, Chapter 3, p. 87.〕 It is estimated that between 300,000 and 3,000,000 civilians were killed in Bangladesh.〔Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: (Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere ), 31 March 1971, Confidential, 3 pp.〕〔Kennedy, Senator Edward, "Crisis in South Asia – A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement, Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee", 1 November 1971, U.S. Govt. Press, page 66. Sen. Kennedy wrote, "Field reports to the U.S. Government, countless eye-witness journalistic accounts, reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal (East Pakistan). Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked 'H'. All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad."〕 As a result of the conflict, a further eight to ten million people fled the country at the time to seek refuge in neighbouring India.〔Rummel, Rudolph J., ("Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900" ), ISBN 3-8258-4010-7, Chapter 8, (Table 8.2 Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh Estimates, Sources, and Calculations ): lowest estimate 2 million claimed by Pakistan (reported by Aziz, Qutubuddin. ''Blood and tears'' Karachi: United Press of Pakistan, 1974. pp. 74, 226), some other sources used by Rummel suggest a figure of between 8 and 10 million with one (Johnson, B. L. C. ''Bangladesh''. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1975. pp. 73, 75) that "could have been" 12 million.〕 == Background == The Indo-Pakistani conflict was sparked by the Bangladesh Liberation war, a conflict between the traditionally dominant West Pakistanis and the majority East Pakistanis.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 )〕 The Bangladesh Liberation war ignited after the 1970 Pakistani election, in which the East Pakistani Awami League won 167 of 169 seats from East Pakistan and thus secured an absolute majority in the 313-seat lower house of the Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament of Pakistan). Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman presented the Six Points to the President of Pakistan and claimed the right to form the government. After the leader of the Pakistan Peoples Party, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, refused to yield the premiership of Pakistan to Mujibur, President Yahya Khan called the military, dominated by West Pakistanis, to suppress dissent in East Pakistan.〔''〕〔Salik, Siddiq, (''Witness To Surrender'' ), ISBN 978-984-05-1373-4, pp. 63, 228–9.〕 Mass arrests of dissidents began, and attempts were made to disarm East Pakistani soldiers and police. After several days of strikes and non-co-operation movements, the Pakistani military cracked down on Dhaka on the night of 25 March 1971. The Awami League was banished, and many members fled into exile in India. Mujib was arrested on the night of 25–26 March 1971 at about 1:30 am (as per Radio Pakistan's news on 29 March 1971) and taken to West Pakistan. The next action carried out was Operation Searchlight, an attempt to kill the intellectual elite of the east. On 26 March 1971, Ziaur Rahman, a major in the Pakistani army, declared the independence of Bangladesh.〔(Lt. Gen. Kamal Matinuddin – ''Tragedy of Errors: East Pakistan Crisis, 1968–1971''; Wajidalis, Lahore, 1994; page 255 )〕〔(Maj. Gen. Fazal Muqeem Khan – ''Pakistan's Crisis in Leadership''; National Book Foundation, Islamabad, 1973; page 79 )〕 In April, exiled Awami League leaders formed a government-in-exile in Baidyanathtala of Meherpur. The East Pakistan Rifles, a paramilitary force, defected to the rebellion. Bangladesh Force namely Mukti Bahini consisting of Niyomito Bahini (Regular Force) and Gono Bahini (Guerilla Force) was formed under the Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) General Mohammad Ataul Ghani Osmany.〔Raja, Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar, ''O General My General – Life and Works of General M A G Osmany''; pp. 35–109, ISBN 978-984-8866-18-4〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indo-Pakistani War of 1971」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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